Application of agricultural biotechnology to improve food nutrition and healthcare products samuel sm sun phd department of biology, the chinese university of hong kong, hong kong, china crop plants provide essential food nutrients to humans and livestock, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins, directly or indirectly. Arundo donax, also known as the giant reed, is recognized as one of the most promising nonfood bioenergy crops in europe. In dissecting the molecular differences in d91, a critical residue for normal della function has been uncovered, corresponding to e600 of the d9 protein. Production and characterization of transgenic maize plants. Biological effects of transgenic maize nk603xmon810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice page 6 of 105 1. These constructs are used for increasing oil content while maintaining normal germination in oilseed plants. Genetic engineering has been proven to be a useful tool, to produce more environmentaladaptive crops and novel high value products in their yield.
The ltb gene was directed to express in seed by an endosperm specific promoter. Intensification sri, an agroecological crop management system developed in madagascar, substantial increases in average rice yields have been reported from more than 50 countries when these methods are used, not even necessarily fully. Transgenic maize seeds expressed and processed kafirins properly and served as a positive control in our experiments below. Production and characterization of transgenic maize plants designed to improve iron nutrition by milly nambogga kanobe a dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy major. The public debate on genetically modified gm crops and foods has a long and complex history. Genetically engineered maize is resistant to maize streak.
Research reagents the protein avidin is traditionally isolated from chicken egg and has been expressed in maize. Gfp, ltb, recombinant proteins, secretory pathway, signal peptide, targeting, transgenic plants. The ability to transform maize is a crucial step for application of gene technology in maize improvement. This work describes fractionation by wetmilling of transgenic maize expressing the b subunit of the heatlabile enterotoxin of escherichia coli ltb, a potent immunogen and candidate for oral vaccine and vaccine components. Genetically modified crops gm crops are plants used in agriculture, the dna of which has. Maize is now at the beginning of a new agricultural revolution, where the grains are used as factories to synthesize highvalue molecules. We have molecularly, subcellularly and phenotypically characterized the gene products of five maize della alleles in transgenic arabidopsis. The advantages and potential drawbacks of maize as a production platform for high value products are summarized in table 3. Highyield production of a human therapeutic protein in tobacco chloroplasts. Fragmented samples contain overhangs that need to be removed before atailing and ligation.
Large variations in drought tolerance exist across vitis species. Grain yield determination and resource use efficiency in maize hybrids released in different decades 21 in kernel number at low resource availability per plant 29. High activity levels can also increase the economic benefit of the production of high value proteins in transgenic plants. It has been estimated that the cost of producing avidin in transgenic maize is about only 10% of the cost of extraction from egg white. Furthermore, transgenic maize has already been commercialized and therefore, food and feed safety data already exist for nontransgenic maize.
In less than ten years, about 80% of the soybeans and 40% of the corn grown in the u. Frontiers advances in maize transformation technologies. Transgenic strategies for the nutritional enhancement of plants. In this article we look at the diversity of highvalue products from maize, recent technological advances in the field and the emerging regulatory framework that governs how transgenic maize plants and their. Specific maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturallydesirable traits, including resistance to pests and to herbicides. Genetic modification of maize has been occurring for thousands of years.
It is often, but arbitrarily distinguished between the 1st generation of transgenic plants, with the. However, expression of zmlec1 under similar conditions severely affected growth and development of the resulting transgenic maize plants shen, et al. Some of these species are used as rootstock to enhance abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. The sequence of steps for ethanol production by microalgae involves cultivation, harvesting of cells, preparation of biomass, fermentation and. Thus, we will summarize how transgenic maize is produced and discuss the transgenic maize products currently on the market. The russian academy of science currently permits the use of sorts of genetically modified sources three sorts of soy, five sorts of corn, two sorts of sugarbeet, two sorts of potato and one of rice. Production of highvalue products in maize seeds has an additional advantage in that proteins restricted to the seed, do not normally interfere with vegetative plant growth, and this strategy also limits adventitious contact with nontarget organisms fischer et al. The main structural component of the endosperm is starch, a complex carbohydrate that corresponds on average to 71% of the grain and is a source of concentrated energy. In this article we look at the diversity of highvalue products from maize, recent technological advances in the field and the emerging regulatory framework that governs how transgenic maize plants and their products are grown, used and traded. New developments in green biotechnology biotechnologie rivm. Grapevine is an economically important crop for which yield and berry quality is strongly affected by climate change. Recombinant dna constructs comprising the soybean sucrose synthase promoter operably linked to polynucleotides encoding transcription factors such as odp1, lec1 and fusca3 are disclosed. When the initial segment of this essay series debuted in june, it began with a look at the current status of agricultural biotechnology as applied to food products genetically modified gm or transgenic food.
However, the vast majority of the protein therapeutics or biopharmaceuticals we use are from animal or human sources, and are produced commercially in microbial or mammalian bioreactor systems. Expression in seeds of transgenic crops has several advantages in terms of high accumulation, stability of recombinant products and ease of purification. Pdf maize is the principal grain crop of the world. National science challenge highvalue nutrition, ko nga kai whai painga. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating andor natural recombination. Generation of transgenic maize with enhanced provitamin a. Over the last few years, it has become clear that plants. Finally we will present some of the issues that the introduction. It focuses specifically on domesticated maize corn, which has come a long way from its teosinte origins in mexico, to become one of the worlds most important foods and feed crops, with a small but significant role in biofuel production. Genetically modified crop production research collection eth. Various microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast and fungi, are used to ferment carbohydrates to produce bioethanol as the main products and co 2 and water as by products under anaerobic conditions. Bt maize by clive james chair, isaaa board of directors no. Segregation of gluten proteins both between and within protein bodies has been observed shewry, 1999.
If transgenic maize varieties are commercially introduced in mexico, they probably will be incorporated into traditional systems in the form of creolized varieties. The coloring in the figure shows the projected percentage change in yields of 11 major crops wheat, rice, maize, millet, field pea, sugar beet, sweet potato, soybean, groundnut, sunflower, and rapeseed from 2046 to 2055, compared with 19962005. Crop plants can synthesize a wide variety of proteins that are free of mammalian toxins and ppgathogens. A study has shown that seedspecific expression zmwri1, a wri1like gene of maize, enhanced oil accumulation in transgenic maize without detectable abnormalities. In various guises, information technology is taking over agriculture. Full text of molecular breeding of forage and turf. Fuelling genetic and metabolic exploration of c3 bioenergy. One way to view farming is as a branch of matrix algebra. Each system has benefits and drawbacks in terms of yield, time required for production, scale, storage and distribution.
Frontiers mobility of transgenic nucleic acids and proteins. It is currently the most widely grown crop in the world, and is used not only for foodfeed but also. Since genetically engineered ge crops were introduced in 1996, their use in the united states has grown rapi. Request pdf on feb 28, 2011, shaista naqvi and others published high value. A farmer must constantly juggle a set of variables, such as the. The severity of weed and insect pests varies from year to year and hence this will directly impact on pest control costs and economic advantage of gm crops. Pdf highvalue products from transgenic maize maite. These two products from transgenic maize are now commercially available from sigmaaldrich. The microbial and plant genomics institute mpgi promotes development innovative solutions and technologies to agricultural and environmental problems based on recent findings in biology by fostering cooperation and interaction among institute members to strengthening. Two pilot plants in spain and italy processing waste from cereals, olives, potatoes and tomatoes an online platform to coordinate the provision of waste a range of processing technologies producing biobased compounds with high. As information emerges that describes plant disease resistance mechanisms, the proteins, and nucleic acids that play a critical. To verify the functions of 2a, lp4, and lp42a linker peptides in transgenic maize, six fusion protein vectors that each encoded a single open reading frame orf incorporating two report genes, green fluorescent protein gfp and. This page intentionally left blank an introduction to genetic engineering third edition in this third edition of his popular undergraduatelevel textbook, desmond nicholl recognises that a sound grasp of basic principles is vital in any introduction to genetic engineering. Hibbard, a scientist with molecular genetics, had applied for a patent on the tissue culture, seeds, and whole plant of a maize line selected from that tissue culture.
The transmission of msv by a leafhopper is exacerbated during drought conditions, resulting in devastated. High value products from transgenic corn request pdf. It is currently the most widely grown crop in the world, and is used not only for foodfeed but also to produce. Although there has been controversy over some of the high yields reported with the system of rice oryza sativa l. Grafting has been used in agriculture for over 2000 years.
Transgenic crops currently being grown for commercial purposes include virus resistant varieties of squash and papaya, as well as a few crops including maize that have been developed to produce products for use outside the food chain. Design of gene constructs for transgenic maize springerlink. The maize kemel, like that of other cereal grains, includes pericarp 6%, endosperm 82% and germ 12% watson, 1987. Now a days, transgenic traits has an integral part of maize, soya been, rice, tomato, cotton and oilseed breeding. The advantages and potential drawbacks of maize as a production platform for highvalue products are summarized in table 3. Criteria for highlevel expression of a fungal laccase gene. Maize seeds sampling and dna extraction report on the. The methodology was applied to the analysis of transgenic maize lines tm1, tm2.
Production of sugarcane transgenic events is routine in various laboratories of the world. In this study, we investigated the physiological and transcriptomic responses to water deficit of four different. Highvalue products from transgenic maize sciencedirect. However, soil salinity has become a major problem affecting plant productivity due to arable field degradation. We will next describe comparisons betweentransgenic plantsandtheir non transgenic counterparts. Crops are therefore well suited for the production of safe lowcost therapppeutic proteins and other products. This is discussed later in the section dealing with regulatory challenges. See the executive summary of the original petition in the appendix. In recent year, the potential of transformation technology in sugarcane improvement has been.
Recurrent selection for transgene activity levels in maize. But with respect to questions of human and animal mind, and especially some of the unique products of the human mind language, morality, music, mathematics i have, well, changed my mind about the power of darwinian reasoning. These products include modified oils, bioplastics, enhanced biofibers, biochemicals and biodiesel. Disease resistance and environmental tolerance are highly beneficial traits that can be provided through use of grafting, although the mechanisms, in particular for resistance, have frequently been unknown. Endospermcxprcssed transgenes have been used to improve grain quality 14 and as a vehicle to produce highvalue proteins such as vaccines 5 and other highvalue proteins 610. Starchstrke 57 transgenic maize iowa state university. In the other example, transgenic watermelon rootstocks overexpressing a cucumber mottle mosaic virus coat protein cgmmvcp gene were transgrafted with wt watermelon. Small farmers produce the bulk of the food, perishables and livestock products and their role to feed the growing population and to meet the market demand is ever more critical. It is also the crop where genetic engineering has been employed to a great extent to improve its. From these observations we deduced that there is a step after the bz2 carrier. Pdf harmonizing the agricultural biotechnology debate for. The overhangs were removed using a t4 polymerase reaction per reaction. Hydroxylated human homotrimeric collagen i in agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transient expression and in trnasgenic tobacco plant. L water, and incubated at 12c for 15 min, which was stopped by immediately cleaning with zymo columns and eluted with 8.
Breeding and biotechnological approaches for quality. Crop improvement and environmental improvement requires cooperation between scientist in multiple research units and areas. Pdf advances in maize transformation technologies and. An important insight from studying anthocyanin sequestration is that the bz2 function is noncell autonomous. Thus, transgenic maize transformed with a salinity tolerance gene has been developed to further evaluate its salt tolerance and effects on agronomic traits. It is also the crop where genetic engineering has been employed to a great extent to improve its various traits.
It is currently the most widely grown crop in the world, and is used not only for foodfeed but. Breeding and biotechnological approaches for quality improvement i authorstream. Transgenic wheat plants expressing an oat arginine decarboxylase cdna exhibit increases in polyamine content in vegetative tissue and seeds. This issue was considered of great potential environmental importance, given that mexico is a center of origin and diversity for maize and that maize is so intrinsically linked to. More than 10 years of research and experience with gm bt maize show no evidence for adverse effects on human health or on the environment. Application of agricultural biotechnology to improve food. Transformation of maize cells and regeneration of fertile. As of 2009, the overall roundup line of products including the gm seeds. Biotechnologyassisted participatory plant breeding cgiar. Pdf production of transgenic maize plants by direct dna. Methods and protocols will greatly aid researchers wishing to use these procedures in their own laboratories, and will provide readers with a better understanding of the experiments being performed by cooperators or feeforservice labs.
Introduction production of recombinant proteins such as highvalue pharmaceutical or industrial products in plants has many advantages, including safety and scalability of plant production systems streat. Transgenic maize containing a gene from the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis genetically modified maize corn is a genetically modified crop. Production of transgenic maize plants by direct dna uptake into embryogenic protoplasts article pdf available in plant science 901. Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high valueadded products could be planned reproduced by biosynthesis, for example, forecasted, formulated. In contrast, revertant sectors involving the regulatory genes rb plus c1pl are discrete, often just a single cell with a purple vacuole.
Perspectives of microalgal biofuels as a renewable source of. Introduction transgenic crops are playing an increasing role in the eu. Research paper a bacterial signal peptide is functional in. Drought tolerance of the grapevine, vitis champinii cv. The a and iron in maize meal, and vitamin a in sugar and preferred foods, including cerealbased products e.
About europe pmc funders joining europe pmc governance roadmap outreach. Generation of transgenic maize with enhanced provitamin a content maneesha aluru1, yang xu1, rong guo1, zhenguo wang2, shanshan li2, wendy white2, kan wang3 and steve rodermel1, 1 department of genetics, development and cell biology, 253 bessey hall, iowa state university, ames, ia 50011, usa. Many of our smallmoleculedrugs are natural products from plants, or are synthetic compounds based on molecules found naturally in plants. Speciesdependent plasticity of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in transgenic wheat expressing an oat arginine decarboxylase adc cdna. Maize, the most important cereal crop in subsaharan africa.
Scientists have developed a transgenic maize variety resistant to maize streak virus. Maize della proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as. For example, maize is a windpollinated, outcrossing crop, which raises issues surrounding gene flow to non transgenic maize and wild relatives. Avidin pied from transgenic maize seed is being marketed by sigma, u. They will coexist with landraces in these systems, just like nontransgenic varieties have done bellon and risopoulos, 2001. Maize also known as corn is a domesticated cereal grain that has been grown as. Criteria for highlevel expression of a fungal laccase gene in transgenic maize article in plant biotechnology journal 12. Transgenic maize and the evolution of landrace diversity. Bioindustrial products are developed from crops using conventional breeding and molecular technologies, says don salmon, plant breeder with alberta agriculture, food and rural developments crop development nonfood branch, lacombe.
There have been constant improvements in the maize transformation technologies over past several years. Wetmilling transgenic maize seed for fraction enrichment of. The contribution to gdp is significant but the value addition in these sectors remains low, on average remaining at 14 percent of gdp in 2009 world bank 2011. Tosi, 2012, particularly in grain at early to middevelopment, while the two population of protein bodies appear largely to merge in mature seeds, and it has been suggested that the protein bodies of er origin are transported to the psv via a. The market research report titled maize corn products in india starch, glucose, dextrose, sorbitol trends, opportunities, market analysis and forecasts upto 2017 released by niir project consultancy services, provides a comprehensive analysis on indian maize products industry. Transgenic maize plants expressing the totivirus antifungal protein, kp4, are highly resistant to corn smut aron allen1,emirislamovic2,, jagdeep kaur1,scottgold2, dilip shah1 and thomas j. Effect on soil properties of bcwrky1 transgenic maize with. A number of potentially useful transgenic technologies in which male sterility can 53 be induced in any crop species have now been developed e.
Early transgenic technologies had the disadvantage of requiring two lines for fertility restoration. Maize corn products in india starch, glucose, dextrose. Despite the ongoing debate on gm crops, particularly in countries of the european union. Even so, i think it is prudent to label gm products sold for human consumption in order to guarantee free choice for consumers and thereby help to generate trust. Maize also known as corn is a domesticated cereal grain that has been grown as food and animal feed for tens of thousands of years.
A possible harmful influence of transgenic products has not been scientifically proved as yet. What makes this book particularly timely is that maize is now increasingly marketed as f 1 hybrid seed in biotech form with almost onethird of all maize sown globally in 2010 possessing genetically modified traits of insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, or both. Protein expression and mrna levels were detected in the transgenic rootstock but not in the non transgenic scion youk et al. The goal of this research is to determine if recurrent selection for activity of a transgene will result in higher activity, and if selection for activity. It is necessary to analyze the potential environmental. Transgenic t 2 and t 3 plants displayed a significant delay in symptom development, a decrease in symptom severity and higher survival rates than non transgenic plants after msv challenge, as did a transgenic hybrid made by crossing t 2 hiii with the widely grown, commercial, highly msvsusceptible, white maize genotype wm3. High activity levels of a transgene can be very useful, making a transgene easier to evaluate for safety and efficacy. Given the unpredictable nature of technological change, it is difficult if not impossible to describe in definite terms what the global technology landscape will look like in 5 to 10 years, both with regard to the emergence of technologies with dualuse applications and the global geography of future breakthroughs. Mutation in the seed storage protein kafirin creates a. Following the 1980 chakrabarty decision in the usa section 2. One of the products in great demand is thermoplastics, or biodegradable plastics.